Discuss the functions that may have been performed by rulers in Harappan society?

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished around the Indus River basin in present-day Pakistan and northwest India from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. While much about their governance remains speculative due to the lack of deciphered written records, archaeological findings provide insights into the possible functions of rulers in Harappan society:

1. Political Administration: It's likely that rulers or elites played a role in political administration, overseeing the organization of cities and regions within the civilization. This may have involved decision-making related to resource allocation, urban planning, and infrastructure development.

2. Economic Management: Rulers might have been involved in managing economic activities such as trade, taxation, and resource distribution. The presence of standardized weights and measures suggests some form of centralized control over economic transactions.

3. Judicial Authority: It's possible that rulers exercised judicial authority, resolving disputes and enforcing laws within the society. This could have been achieved through appointed officials or councils responsible for administering justice.

4. Religious and Ritual Leadership: Rulers may have held religious or ritual authority, presiding over ceremonies, and ensuring the performance of religious practices important for the cohesion of society. The presence of large public structures like the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro suggests a centralized authority overseeing religious activities.

5. Defense and Security: Rulers likely played a role in defense and security, organizing and maintaining military forces to protect against external threats or internal unrest. Defensive structures such as walls and citadels found in Harappan cities indicate efforts to fortify settlements.

6. Diplomacy and Interactions: Rulers might have engaged in diplomacy and trade relations with neighboring societies. The presence of Harappan artifacts in distant regions suggests long-distance trade networks, which would have required diplomatic efforts to maintain.

7. Symbolic and Ceremonial Roles: Rulers may have served symbolic and ceremonial functions, representing the authority and unity of the state. Elaborate seals and figurines found in Harappan sites depict individuals in ceremonial attire, suggesting the importance of symbolic leadership.

8. Social Welfare and Infrastructure: Rulers might have been responsible for public welfare and the maintenance of essential infrastructure such as roads, drainage systems, and public buildings. This would have contributed to the well-being and stability of society.

Overall, while the exact nature of rulership in Harappan society remains speculative, it's evident that centralized authority played a crucial role in governing the civilization and maintaining social order.