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Asked by Dhanshri Last Modified
Answer 
Alwin George
Before telling the answer, we have to know what is the difference between atom and ion. An atom is a nutral species containing equal number of positively charged proton and negatively charged electron. But an ion is a charged species. Cation is a positively charged ion and is formed when one or more electron is removed from the atom. And, an anion is formed when one or more electron is added to an atom.
We know that, in an atom, positively charged proton is present in the nucleus and they attracts the electrons in the atom. When an electron is removed, the effective positive charge on the remaining electrons increases and is closer to the nucleus. So its size decreases. So size of the cation decreases. On the otherhand, when an anion formed, number of electrons increases and so effective positive charge on each electron decreases. So it can move farther from the nycleus and size increases.
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Cations are formed due to the loss of an electron from the outermost shell of the parent atom. Hence due to the loss of an electron the effective nuclear charge increases and hence the electron pull towards the nucleus increases thus reducing the size. Whereas anions are formed due to the addition of an electron in the outermost orbit. Thus the effective nuclear charge decreases and the size increases.
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