Sudhir

Based on the current trend towards automation and large data volumes, ETL testing has a significantly better future compared to manual testing as it can efficiently handle massive data sets and complex transformations, making it crucial for data-driven organizations, while manual testing is likely to be increasingly focused on specific use cases where human intuition is valuable.

The future of testing lies in a hybrid approach combining automated ETL testing for data integrity with manual testing for specific areas where human judgment is crucial.

Learning Python in depth is not a big issue first start practising basic of coding daily don't copy and paste start writing the code , after these basic you can go for advanced level of python like OOPS , decorators, and concurrency .
you can also take help from W3 school , open source document and learn from there.

The principles of management are fundamental guidelines for the decision-making and organizational structure of an organization. These principles are derived from the systematic study and practice of management over time and serve as a framework for managers to effectively coordinate resources and activities to achieve organizational goals. Below are the key principles of management:

1. Division of Work

• Explanation: This principle involves dividing a job into smaller tasks and assigning them to different workers. Specialization allows workers to become more skilled and efficient in their specific tasks.
• Example: In a car manufacturing company, one group of workers assembles the engine while another group paints the car bodies.

2. Authority and Responsibility

• Explanation: Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. Responsibility involves being accountable for the outcomes. A balance between authority and responsibility ensures efficient management.
• Example: A project manager has the authority to allocate tasks and the responsibility to ensure the project is completed on time.

3. Discipline

• Explanation: Discipline means adherence to rules and regulations, and it involves the enforcement of these rules through punishments or rewards.
• Example: Employees are expected to follow the company’s code of conduct, and violations may lead to disciplinary actions.

4. Unity of Command

• Explanation: Each employee should receive orders from one superior only, to avoid confusion and conflict.
• Example: In a sales team, each salesperson reports directly to the sales manager and not to multiple superiors.

5. Unity of Direction

• Explanation: All activities aiming at the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.
• Example: A company launching a new product will have a unified direction led by a product manager who coordinates marketing, production, and sales efforts.

6. Subordination of Individual Interests to General Interest

• Explanation: The interests of one employee or group should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
• Example: An employee’s desire for a more flexible schedule should not disrupt the overall workflow of the team.

7. Remuneration

• Explanation: Employees should be fairly compensated for their services. This includes financial and non-financial incentives.
• Example: Providing competitive salaries, bonuses, and benefits to motivate employees.

8. Centralization and Decentralization

• Explanation: Centralization refers to the concentration of decision-making authority at the top levels of the organizational hierarchy, whereas decentralization involves distributing authority to lower levels.
• Example: A centralized organization may have all strategic decisions made by the CEO, whereas a decentralized organization allows regional managers to make decisions for their regions.

9. Scalar Chain

• Explanation: This principle states that there should be a clear line of authority from the top management to the lowest levels. This chain of command should not be broken.
• Example: In a hierarchical organization, an employee should report to their direct supervisor and not bypass levels in the hierarchy.

10. Order

• Explanation: People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. Proper arrangement of resources ensures efficiency and effectiveness.
• Example: Organizing tools and equipment in a manufacturing plant so workers can easily access them when needed.

11. Equity

• Explanation: Managers should treat employees with fairness and justice. Equity leads to loyalty and devotion from employees.
• Example: Implementing fair policies for promotions and rewards.

12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel

• Explanation: High employee turnover is inefficient and costly. Stability of employment ensures that employees can develop skills and contribute to the organization’s success.
• Example: Offering job security and career development opportunities to retain employees.

13. Initiative

• Explanation: Employees should be encouraged to take initiative and come up with new ideas. This fosters creativity and innovation.
• Example: Creating a suggestion program where employees can propose improvements.

14. Esprit de Corps

• Explanation: Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization. Managers should encourage teamwork and communication.
• Example: Organizing team-building activities and encouraging open communication among team members.

These principles, originally formulated by Henri Fayol in the early 20th century, continue to provide a foundation for effective management practices and are applicable in various types of organizations and industries.