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Lesson Posted on 08 Jun Learn Science
Aruna Prasad
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Lesson Posted on 19 May Learn Science
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Types of Chemical Reactions
When two or more substances combine to form a single product, the reaction is known as a combination reaction.
For example:
In the laboratory, iron sulphide is prepared by mixing iron and sulphur.
Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)
Formation of slaked lime by the reaction of calcium oxide with water
A chemical reaction in which a single compound splits into two or more simple substances is called a decomposition reaction.
Correct way of heating the boiling tube containing crystals of ferrous sulphate and of smelling the odour
For example:
When mercuric oxide is heated in a crucible, the orange-red powder begins to darken and a silver mirror begins to deposit on the cooler parts of the crucible.
Reactions in which the more reactive element displaces the less reactive element from its compound are called displacement reactions.
Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution
For example:
Zinc displaces copper in copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate.
Reactions in which ions of the reactants exchange places to form two new compounds, are called double displacement reactions.
For example: Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Types of Double Displacement Reactions:
In all of the following processes, a white material is generated that is insoluble in water. A precipitate is the insoluble substance that forms. A precipitation reaction is a reaction that results in the formation of a precipitate.
The reactants are a base and an acid, and the products are salt and water. Neutralization is a form of double displacement reaction in which the reactants are a base and an acid, and the products are salt and water. The positive charge of the acid's hydrogen ion and the negative charge of the base's hydroxyl ions or oxide ions lose their electrical charge and form covalent water molecules.
Na+OH- + H+Cl- → Na+Cl- + H2O
Base Acid Salt Water
Zn2+O2- + 2H+NO3- → Zn2+(NO3)2- + H2O
A neutralization reaction is basically a reaction between H+ and OHions i.e.,
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
Reactions which involve the addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen are called oxidation reactions. For example:
Zinc displaces copper in copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate.
Reactions in which ions of the reactants exchange places to form two new compounds, are called double displacement reactions.
For example: Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Types of Double Displacement Reactions:
In all of the following processes, a white material is generated that is insoluble in water. A precipitate is the insoluble substance that forms. A precipitation reaction is a reaction that results in the formation of a precipitate.
The reactants are a base and an acid, and the products are salt and water. Neutralization is a form of double displacement reaction in which the reactants are a base and an acid, and the products are salt and water. The positive charge of the acid's hydrogen ion and the negative charge of the base's hydroxyl ions or oxide ions lose their electrical charge and form covalent water molecules.
Na+OH- + H+Cl- → Na+Cl- + H2O
Base Acid Salt Water
Zn2+O2- + 2H+NO3- → Zn2+(NO3)2- + H2O
A neutralization reaction is basically a reaction between H+ and OHions i.e.,
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
Reactions which involve the addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen are called oxidation reactions. For example:
C(s) + 2H2 (g) → CH4 (g)
Chemical reactions in which the reactants gain hydrogen are reduction reactions. For example:
The chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction takes places simultaneously is known as a redox reaction.
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Resistance is the opposition offered by a material to the flow of electric current. Resistivity, on the other hand, is the intrinsic property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists the flow of electric current. The relationship between resistance (R), resistivity (ρ), and dimensions (length l, and cross-sectional area A) of the conductor is given by R=ρ⋅lA
Resistance is dependent on temperature, increasing with an increase in temperature for most conductors due to increased collision frequency of charge carriers with lattice ions, which impedes their flow.
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Answered on 15 Apr Learn Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
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Answered on 15 Apr Learn Our Environment
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Answered on 15 Apr Learn Our Environment
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Management of natural resources refers to the sustainable utilization, conservation, and preservation of natural resources to meet present and future human needs while maintaining the health of ecosystems. Here are some key aspects and strategies involved in the management of natural resources:
Sustainable Resource Use: Implementing practices that ensure the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner, without depleting or degrading them. This includes adopting technologies and techniques that minimize resource consumption and waste generation.
Conservation and Preservation: Protecting and conserving natural resources, such as forests, water bodies, wildlife, and biodiversity, through the establishment of protected areas, wildlife reserves, and conservation programs. Preservation involves maintaining natural ecosystems in their original state without significant human interference.
Resource Allocation and Planning: Developing comprehensive plans and policies for the allocation and utilization of natural resources based on scientific assessments, environmental considerations, and socio-economic needs. This involves balancing competing interests and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
Restoration and Rehabilitation: Rehabilitating degraded ecosystems and restoring natural habitats through reforestation, afforestation, watershed management, soil conservation, and restoration of wetlands and degraded lands. This helps to improve ecosystem health and resilience.
Regulatory Frameworks and Enforcement: Establishing legal and regulatory frameworks to govern the sustainable use of natural resources, including environmental laws, land use regulations, and resource management policies. Enforcement mechanisms such as monitoring, compliance, and enforcement actions are essential for ensuring adherence to regulations.
Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement: Involving local communities, indigenous peoples, and stakeholders in decision-making processes related to natural resource management. This ensures that resource management initiatives are inclusive, culturally appropriate, and aligned with the needs and priorities of local communities.
Technology and Innovation: Promoting the development and adoption of sustainable technologies and innovative solutions for resource management, such as renewable energy technologies, water conservation measures, sustainable agriculture practices, and eco-friendly manufacturing processes.
Education and Awareness: Increasing public awareness and understanding of the importance of natural resources, conservation principles, and sustainable lifestyles through education, outreach programs, and public awareness campaigns. This helps to foster a culture of environmental stewardship and responsible resource use.
International Cooperation and Collaboration: Facilitating international cooperation and collaboration among countries to address transboundary environmental issues, conserve shared natural resources, and promote sustainable development goals. This includes partnerships, agreements, and initiatives at the regional and global levels.
Overall, effective management of natural resources requires a holistic and integrated approach that considers environmental, social, and economic factors, and seeks to balance conservation with development objectives for the benefit of present and future generations.
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